Note that the subject of the restrictive clause can change "that" to "who", "when" and "where" for correct usage. Use who for a person, when for a time period and where as a substitute for "that place".
For example:. On the other hand, use which with non-restrictive or non-defining clauses. These are clauses providing additional information about something that has already been identified in the context. In this use, which is always preceded by a comma and a comma is placed after the restrictive clause ends if the sentence continues. When the clause is at the end of the sentence, only one comma is used, before which :. In this case, the clause which is hard to follow is descriptive, not restrictive i.
For these cases, which sounds more natural than that. Some grammarians extend the rule and insist on that being used only in restrictive clauses, while which should be used only in nonrestrictive clauses.
Everyone was very happy. Render therefore unto Caesar the things which are Caesars; and unto God the things which are Gods. Render therefore unto Caesar, the things that are Caesars; and unto God, the things that are Gods. Render therefore unto Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and unto God the things which are God's. Render therefore unto Caesar the things which are Caesars: and unto God the things that are Gods.
The careful reader may have noticed that in the four examples given above, all published within a span of four decades, each of the authors writes what is essentially the same sentence, but uses that and which in a manner that is different from each of the others. The midth century was apparently a period of syntactical free love. Then the rules on restrictive and nonrestrictive clauses came along.
If you are not a copy editor, or someone who is deeply interested in grammar, you may have forgotten what restrictive and nonrestrictive clauses are. A restrictive clause is a part of a sentence that may not be removed without rendering that sentence incomplete, difficult to understand, or with its meaning substantially changed. This nonrestrictive clause adds information to the sentence, but it is not imperative to include it. The restrictive clause, however, is more akin to pants; your day will have a decidedly problematic tone if you leave home without them.
That underwent a period of decline at the end of the 17th century, then made a comeback several decades later. Our office, which has two lunchrooms, is located in Cincinnati. Our office that has two lunchrooms is located in Cincinnati. These sentences are not the same.
The first sentence tells us that you have just one office, and it's located in Cincinnati. The clause which has two lunchrooms gives us additional information, but it doesn't change the meaning of the sentence. Remove the clause and the location of our one office would still be clear: Our office is located in Cincinnati.
The second sentence suggests that we have multiple offices, but the office with two lunchrooms is located in Cincinnati.
The phrase that has two lunchrooms is known as a restrictive clause because another part of the sentence our office depends on it. You can't remove that clause without changing the meaning of the sentence. The time machine, which looked like a telephone booth, concerned Bill and Ted. The time machine that looked like a telephone booth concerned Bill and Ted. In the first sentence thanks to the use of which , the time machine concerned Bill and Ted.
It also happened to look like a telephone booth. In the second sentence which uses the restrictive clause , Bill and Ted are concerned with the time machine that looks like a telephone booth. They aren't concerned with the one that looks like a garden shed or the one that looks like a DeLorean Marty McFly may have reservations about that one.
Want to land an agent? Here are 4 things to consider when researching literary agents. The iPad, which connects to the iCloud, was created by Apple. All iPads connect to the iCloud, so it's unnecessary information.
The issue of Writer's Digest that has Brian A. Klems picture on the cover is my favorite. Your favorite issue of Writer's Digest isn't just any issue, it's the one with me on the cover. OK, so I've never been on the cover of Writer's Digest , but that doesn't change the fact that it's necessary for you to understand the context of your clauses, a key covered in most grammar books. If the information is essential, use that. In this example, which is preceded by a comma; nonrestrictive clauses tend to follow punctuation like a comma, a dash, or parenthesis.
Which is only used in restrictive clauses if it is preceded by a preposition. However, the above distinction is a rule of formal American English, and is not as strictly observed in British English or in informal English of any type. Feedback We've Added New Words! Word of the Day. Meanings Meanings. How do you use that? Examples of that in use In the following sentences, the precise meaning is altered if each restrictive clause is removed: The song that you performed right before intermission is my favorite.
I think I finally caught a glimpse of the bird that is building a nest in the window.
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