In some cases, B12 deficiency can be caused by conditions such as infections, surgery, medicines, and diet. Crohn's and celiac disease can also interfere with B12 absorption. Anemia of chronic disease can be caused by inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, inflammatory bowel disease, lupus, diabetes, and degenerative joint disease.
Infectious diseases, such as HIV, hepatitis , tuberculosis, heart infection, and bone infection, can also lead to anemia of chronic disease. Additionally, kidney failure and cancers, such as Hodgkin disease, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and lung and breast cancer, can cause anemia.
Sometimes getting the right amount of iron from your diet isn't enough if your body isn't able to absorb it properly. For instance, people who've had intestinal surgery, such as gastric bypass, or those with Crohn's disease or celiac disease , may have trouble absorbing iron. Iron absorption can also be limited by prescription medicines that reduce acid in the stomach. Blood loss is another cause of iron deficiency anemia because whenever you lose blood from your body, iron loss also occurs.
If you don't have enough iron stored in your body to make up for the iron lost in your blood, you can develop anemia. Blood loss that leads to low iron levels can result from: 10 , Symptoms of iron-deficiency anemia vary depending on how severe your anemia is.
If you have mild to moderate iron-deficiency anemia, you may not have any signs or symptoms. But as the condition worsens, you may experience: If you're mildly anemic, your doctor may recommend a diet filled with iron-rich foods. The foods with the highest iron content are:. Take note that iron from vegetable sources is less readily absorbed than iron from meat, poultry, or seafood. With all forms of anemia, tiredness or fatigue is the most common symptom because of low red blood cell count.
Shortness of breath, dizziness, headache, coldness in your hands and feet, pale or yellowish skin, and chest pain are other signs. When you have low red blood cells, your heart has to work harder to move oxygen-rich blood through your body. When this occurs, you can experience irregular heartbeat, enlarged heart, or even heart failure. If your doctor suspects you may have pernicious anemia, he or she can confirm it with blood tests.
Bone marrow tests can also detect this type of anemia because when pernicious anemia is present, bone marrow cells that turn into blood cells are larger than normal. Learn More About Anemia Resources.
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There are different types of anemia, including, but not limited to: Iron-deficiency anemia, which is the most common type of anemia and occurs when your blood doesn't have enough iron to produce healthy red blood cells and hemoglobin. Iron deficiency anemia symptoms may be mild, but as the condition advances, can get worse and include: 11 Extreme fatigue Weakness Pale skin Chest pain, rapid heartbeat, or shortness of breath Headache, dizziness, or light-headedness Cold hands and feet An inflamed or sore tongue Brittle nails Odd cravings for ice, dirt, or starch Loss of appetite, most often in babies and kids Aplastic anemia symptoms may include: 5 , 6 Bleeding Infection Nausea Skin rashes These symptoms may be severe from the start, or gradually worsen over time.
Other symptoms include: Weakness Shortness of breath and chest pain Dizziness, especially after standing up from a sitting or lying position Headaches Pale skin Bruising or bleeding easily Uncontrollable bleeding Nosebleeds, bleeding gums, bloody stool, or heavy menstrual bleeding Cold feeling in your hands and feet Fever due to infection Recurring infections or flu-like symptoms The appearance of small red dots on the skin that indicates bleeding under the skin Rapid heart rate Sickle cell anemia symptoms can develop in some children earlier than others and typically start after the fifth or sixth month of life.
Common signs and symptoms include: 8 Yellowish skin, known as jaundice Yellowish whites of the eyes, known as icterus Fatigue or fussiness Painful swelling of the hands and feet Frequent infections, especially pneumonia Fatigue and weakness Episodes of pain, called sickle cell crises, occur when sickled red blood cells block blood flow to the limbs and organs Pernicious anemia may show similar symptoms to other anemias.
But because it is caused by lack of absorption of vitamin B12, and similar to inadequate B12 intake in the diet, a severe deficiency in B12 may cause: 14 Tingling and numbness in hands and feet Muscle weakness Loss of reflexes Loss of balance Trouble walking Weakened bones, leading to hip fractures Neurological problems, such as confusion, dementia, depression, and memory loss Nausea, vomiting, heartburn , abdominal bloating and gas, constipation or diarrhea, loss of appetite, and weight loss Enlarged liver Smooth, thick, red tongue Infants who have B12 deficiency may show the following signs and symptoms: 14 Poor reflexes or unusual movements like face tremors Difficulty feeding due to tongue and throat problems Irritability Permanent growth problems if left untreated Anemia of chronic disease may cause similar signs and symptoms to other anemias, such as fatigue, pale skin, light-headedness, shortness of breath, rapid heartbeat, irritability, and chest pain.
Red blood cells play a central role in anemia. Acquired aplastic anemia, which is more common than the inherited form, may result from: Toxins, including benzene a chemical sometimes used in manufacturing and chemical synthesis , pesticides, and arsenic Chemotherapy and radiation therapy for cancer treatment Various infectious diseases, including hepatitis, HIV , and Epstein-Barr virus a type of herpesvirus , lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, or other autoimmune disorders those in which the immune system attacks healthy cells Pregnancy Certain drugs, including some antibiotics, immunosuppressants, and some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs NSAIDs Cancer that has spread to the bone Causes of inherited aplastic anemia, which is rare and develops from genes that are passed down from parent to child, include: Fanconi anemia Diamond—Blackfan anemia Shwachman—Diamond syndrome Dyskeratosis congenita Over time, severe heart issues may develop, such as arrhythmia irregular heart beat , angina , enlarged heart, and heart failure.
Such foods include: 14 Beef, liver, poultry, and fish Eggs and dairy products Soy-based drinks and veggie burgers Breakfast cereals with added vitamin B12 B12 deficiency can also be caused by other factors and conditions, such as infections, surgery, medicines.
Anemia of chronic disease can be caused by the following chronic conditions: 13 Inflammatory diseases , which are conditions that produce an inflammatory response in the body can cause anemia of chronic disease for several reasons: The inflammatory response can produce cytokines, a protein that protects the body against infection and interferes with iron processing and red blood cell production.
Inflammation can cause internal bleeding that leads to a decrease in red blood cell count. Inflammation of the gastrointestinal system can interfere with the body's ability to absorb iron from food. Types of inflammatory disease known to cause anemia of chronic disease include: Rheumatoid arthritis RA Ulcerative colitis Crohn's disease Inflammatory bowel disease Lupus Diabetes Degenerative joint disease Infectious diseases can cause anemia of chronic disease if a person's immune system's response to the infection interferes with red blood cell production.
These cancers include: Hodgkin disease Non-Hodgkin lymphoma Lung cancer Breast cancer Cancer also can harm red blood cell production if it invades the bone marrow. In order to determine if you have anemia, your doctor will most likely talk to you about your medical and family history, give you a physical exam, and perform the following tests: 1 Complete blood count CBC A CBC will reveal the number of blood cells in a blood sample.
To determine if you have anemia, your doctor will look at your blood's number of red blood cells hematocrit and hemoglobin. This can help determine the cause. Iron-deficiency anemia Most people with iron-deficiency anemia will recover fully. The duration of anemia depends on the type. Iron deficiency anemia Iron supplements prescribed by your physician or hematologist taken orally can work within 3 to 10 days to increase the body's production of red blood cells; however, it typically takes months to bring iron levels back to normal.
Each type of anemia will require a different type of treatment. Immunosuppressive drug therapy is another option. Severe iron-deficiency anemia may require intravenous IV iron therapy, blood transfusion , or injections of the synthetic hormone erythropoietin, which is normally produced by the kidneys. When successful, a bone marrow transplant or stem cell transplant may cure sickle cell anemia. Fanconi anemia FA is a genetic condition that impairs bone marrow and causes you to have a lower than normal amount of all types of blood cells.
It often also causes physical abnormalities, such as malformed thumbs or forearms , skeletal abnormalities, a malformed or missing kidney , gastrointestinal abnormalities, infertility, and vision and hearing problems. Fanconi anemia can also cause an increased risk of leukemia, as well as head, neck, skin , reproductive, and gastrointestinal cancers. These are conditions that cause anemia and are inherited, which means they are passed down through one or both parents through your genes. Severe bleeding can cause sudden, short-term anemia.
For example, this might happen after a traumatic injury where you lose a lot of blood. Acquired diseases, including malaria, can cause anemia. Other infections can cause aplastic anemia or hemolytic anemia. Autoimmune diseases are also a potential cause of anemia, as they may cause your body to attack red blood cells.
First, your doctor will take your family and medical history. Then they will do a physical exam to look for symptoms of anemia. After that, your doctor will draw blood for several tests. The most common are:. For example, they might do a bone marrow test to see how well your body makes red blood cells, look for internal bleeding , or scan for tumors. Treating severe anemia takes more than just diet and lifestyle changes, although eating a healthy diet with lots of iron can help keep you healthy.
In all types of anemia, blood transfusions can help replace your lost or defective red blood cells and reduce symptoms. However, it usually does not address the underlying cause. In this procedure, your bone marrow is replaced with donor marrow that can make healthy cells. Anemia in general causes 1. Some people are at a higher risk for anemia, including women during their menstrual periods and pregnancy and people who donate blood frequently, do not get enough iron or certain vitamins, or take certain medicines or treatments, such as chemotherapy for cancer.
Anemia may also be a sign of a more serious condition. It may result from chronic bleeding in the stomach. Chronic inflammation from an infection, kidney disease, cancer, or autoimmune diseases can also cause the body to make fewer red blood cells.
Your doctor will consider your medical history and physical exam and test results when diagnosing and treating anemia. He or she will use a simple blood test to confirm that you have low amounts of red blood cells or hemoglobin. For some types of mild to moderate anemia, your doctor may recommend over-the-counter or prescription iron supplements, certain vitamins, intravenous iron therapy, or medicines that make your body produce more red blood cells.
To prevent anemia in the future, your doctor may also suggest healthy eating changes. If you have severe anemia, y our doctor may recommend red blood cell transfusions.
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The most common type is iron-deficiency anemia. A doctor can use a CBC blood test to help detect anemia. Treatment varies, depending on the type, but it may include iron or vitamin supplements, medications, blood transfusions, and bone marrow transplants.
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