In dehydration synthesis reactions, a water molecule is formed as a result of generating a covalent bond between two monomeric components in a larger polymer. In hydrolysis reactions, a water molecule is consumed as a result of breaking the covalent bond holding together two components of a polymer.
In our bodies, food is first hydrolyzed, or broken down, into smaller molecules by catalytic enzymes in the digestive tract. This allows for easy absorption of nutrients by cells in the intestine. Each macromolecule is broken down by a specific enzyme.
For instance, carbohydrates are broken down by amylase, sucrase, lactase, or maltase. Proteins are broken down by the enzymes trypsin, pepsin, peptidase and others. Lipids are broken down by lipases. Once the smaller metabolites that result from these hydrolytic enzymezes are absorbed by cells in the body, they are further broken down by other enzymes. The breakdown of these macromolecules is an overall energy-releasing process and provides energy for cellular activities.
Privacy Policy. Skip to main content. Biological Macromolecules. Search for:. Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules. Types of Biological Macromolecules Biological macromolecules, the large molecules necessary for life, include carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.
Learning Objectives Identify the four major classes of biological macromolecules. Key Takeaways Key Points Biological macromolecules are important cellular components and perform a wide array of functions necessary for the survival and growth of living organisms. The four major classes of biological macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Key Terms polymer : A relatively large molecule consisting of a chain or network of many identical or similar monomers chemically bonded to each other.
Dehydration Synthesis In dehydration synthesis, monomers combine with each other via covalent bonds to form polymers. Learning Objectives Explain dehydration or condensation reactions. Key Takeaways Key Points During dehydration synthesis, either the hydrogen of one monomer combines with the hydroxyl group of another monomer releasing a molecule of water, or two hydrogens from one monomer combine with one oxygen from the other monomer releasing a molecule of water.
The monomers that are joined via dehydration synthesis reactions share electrons and form covalent bonds with each other. As additional monomers join via multiple dehydration synthesis reactions, this chain of repeating monomers begins to form a polymer.
Complex carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins are all examples of polymers that are formed by dehydration synthesis. Monomers like glucose can join together in different ways and produce a variety of polymers. Monomers like mononucleotides and amino acids join together in different sequences to produce a variety of polymers. Key Terms covalent bond : A type of chemical bond where two atoms are connected to each other by the sharing of two or more electrons.
Hydrolysis Hydrolysis reactions result in the breakdown of polymers into monomers by using a water molecule and an enzymatic catalyst. Learning Objectives Explain hydrolysis reactions. In our bodies, Hydrolysis is the main process to release energy. When we eat food, it is digested or broken down into substances so the body can absorb it and convert it to energy. Foods, having complex molecules are broken down into simple molecules.
When energy is needed for biosynthesis, ATP is hydrolyzed and stored energy is released for utilization. Dehydration means to take away water, and synthesis means to build or create something.
Hence, Dehydration Synthesis is defined as taking away water to build something. This process happens by removing one molecule of —OH hydroxyl group and one molecule of -H to form H2O or water. This results in covalently joining two monomers small molecules to form a polymer larger molecule. Dehydration Synthesis uses condensation in the process and when this continues for a long period of time, a long and complex chain is formed, just like the ones in polysaccharides.
It is also is responsible for storing excess glucose molecules as much as larger polysaccharides like starch and glycogen. Hydrolysis and Dehydration Synthesis work the same way with proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and lipids. As mentioned earlier, in the process of Hydrolysis — when water is added, it separates the bond between oxygen and hydrogen and reforms into two separate hydroxyls.
In contrast, in the process of Dehydration Synthesis you have a hydroxyl on each side, so if oxygen and two hydrogens are taken out and bind the remaining oxygen to the remaining hydrogen to form a polymer.
Glycosidic Linkage: two carbohydrates are joined together when an H from one carbohydrate and an OH from the other is taken out and forms H2O Lipids. A peptide bond is a result when the removal of H atom from one amino acid and an OH from the other. Nucleic Acid. Difference Between Hydrolysis and Dehydration Synthesis. Scientists call these dehydration or condensation reactions. When polymers break down into smaller units monomers , they use a water molecule for each bond broken by these reactions.
Such reactions are hydrolysis reactions. Dehydration and hydrolysis reactions are similar for all macromolecules, but each monomer and polymer reaction is specific to its class.
Dehydration reactions typically require an investment of energy for new bond formation, while hydrolysis reactions typically release energy by breaking bonds. During the breakdown of polymers, which of the following reactions takes place? The following chemical reactants produce the ester ethyl ethanoate C 4 H 8 O 2 :.
In a dehydration synthesis reaction, the hydrogen of one monomer combines with the hydroxyl group of another monomer, releasing a molecule of water.
This creates an opening in the outer shells of atoms in the monomers, which can share electrons and form covalent bonds.
Amino acids have the generic structure seen below, where R represents different carbon-based side chains. Describe how the structure of amino acids allows them to be linked into long peptide chains to form proteins.
Amino acids can be linked into long chains through condensation reactions. One of the hydrogen atoms bonded to the nitrogen atom of an amino acid reacts with the —OH group attached to the terminal carbon on another amino acid. Since both ends of the molecule can participate in condensation reactions, peptide bonds can be made in both directions to create a long amino acid chain.
Skip to content Biological Macromolecules. Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following: Understand macromolecule synthesis Explain dehydration or condensation and hydrolysis reactions. Dehydration Synthesis Most macromolecules are made from single subunits, or building blocks, called monomers. In the process, it forms a water molecule.
Hydrolysis Polymers break down into monomers during hydrolysis. In the hydrolysis reaction here, the disaccharide maltose breaks down to form two glucose monomers by adding a water molecule.
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